Design and implementation of an alcohol detection driver system

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INTRODUCTION
Drinking and driving continues to be a leading cause of road accidents and fatalities worldwide, alcohol detection for drivers has been a subject of study for many years.With the aim of lowering the prevalence of drunk driving and raising road safety, numerous techniques have been developed and are employed to detect alcohol levels in drivers [1].The national highway traffic safety administration (NHTSA) reports that 28% of all traffic-related deaths in the US occurred as a result of drunk driving in 2019.This corresponds to one fatality caused by alcohol every 52 minutes on average [1].Similarly, according to the European Commission, about 10,000 fatalities in the European Union occur each year as a result of alcoholrelated accidents.Alcohol-related traffic accidents are a major public health issue, and studies have shown that even small amounts of alcohol can make it difficult to drive safely and raise the likelihood of an accident.The world health organization (WHO) estimates that 25% of all traffic fatalities globally are caused by alcoholrelated incidents [2].Alcohol-related accidents not only result in a high death toll but also huge economic losses such as medical expenditures, lost productivity, and property damage [2].

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The mistakes of drivers, and human factors affected by fatigue, alcohol, recklessness or carelessness are the main factors associated with the most accidents.In order to combat the problem of drunk driving, many nations have established legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits.The legal limit is typically 0.08% BAC or less, though there are some regional variations.In addition, several nations now have regulations requiring drivers who are suspected of driving under the influence to submit to an alcohol test.The most popular alcohol detection tool for drivers is the breathalyzer.These tools measure a person's breath alcohol content, which is a good indicator of how much alcohol is in their blood.Breathalyzers are a popular option for law enforcement agencies because they are portable and generally simple to use [3], [4].Another technique for detecting alcohol is blood testing, which entails taking a suspect's blood and determining the level of alcohol in it.Although this method is more precise than breath testing, it also requires more intrusive procedures and specialized tools.Other biological materials, such as saliva and sweat, have also been investigated by researchers as potential tools for detecting alcohol in drivers.These procedures might be less invasive than blood tests and simpler to use in the field.
One of the most significant elements that has an impact on traffic safety is driver behavior.As a result, current research has focused on systems for tracking and identifying driver behavior.Others monitor the driver's status by combining the driver's behavior, vehicle's condition, and environment [5], [6].Some systems monitor the driver's behavior in isolation.Nearly all driver behavior monitoring systems only pick up on one abnormal behavior (Carmona), whereas only a small minority pick up on multiple abnormal behaviors [5].However, there is presently no reliable monitoring system that can reliably identify all unusual driving behaviors.It is not advised for a drunk individual to operate a vehicle [7].Drunk driving affects one's temperament and impairs one's ability to anticipate oncoming traffic and hazards.10,000 more people die in accidents each year across Europe.Road accidents in China are only caused by drunk drivers in 34.1% of cases.Legally, BAC between 0.01% and 0.08% are acceptable.However, exceeding the top limit of 0.08% may result in serious accidents [2].
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using technology to detect alcohol impairment in drivers.This includes the use of sensors and cameras to detect physical signs of impairment, as well as the use of machine learning algorithms to analyze driving patterns and detect deviations from normal driving behavior.Many researchers have focus on similar work in past decades, the "Driver alcohol detection system based on virtual instrumentation" proposal by Gasparesc [3].Ahmad et al. [8] proposed an alcohol detection and alerting system for vehicles that can detect the presence of alcohol in the driver's breath and warn them if they are over the legal limit.The system's hardware and software components are described by the authors, who then use simulation and real-world testing to assess the system's performance.A system that can detect alcohol in a driver's breath and prohibit the car from starting if the driver is above the legal limit is described in "Drunk driving detection based on classification of multivariate time series" [9], [10].The system's hardware and software components are described by the authors, who then use simulation and real-world testing to assess the system's performance.
In 2017, a compelling study was published on the detection of drunk drivers through alcohol sensors integrated into car engine locking systems.This innovative technology aims to prevent intoxicated individuals from operating a vehicle and potentially endangering themselves and others on the road [11], [12].The authors go over the many interlock system types and their features, as well as the crucial elements that must be taken into account for a successful deployment, such as stakeholder participation, policy, and legal considerations.Ansari et al. [13] proposed "In-vehicle wireless driver breath alcohol detection system using a microheater integrated gas sensor based on Sn-doped CuO nanostructures".This paper examines current developments in breath-based and sweat-based alcohol biosensors for in-vehicle detection.The authors talk about the drawbacks and shortcomings of these technologies and point out areas for further research and commercialization.In their study of the literature on the implementation of ignition interlock programs for criminals, [14] identified both facilitators and impediments.The authors outline the critical aspects of program success, including program design, stakeholder involvement, and public awareness campaigns, and offer suggestions for removing implementation roadblocks.The creation of a system for detecting alcohol.The authors of performance comparison of deep convolutional neural network (CNN) models for detecting driver's distraction [15], [16] employ machine learning techniques using a dataset of breath alcohol content readings to train and test the system.They then assess the system's performance using a range of metrics.The design and development of a portable alcohol detection device for drivers of motor vehicles that can be quickly integrated into the dashboard of the vehicle are presented by [17], [18].
The authors describe the hardware and software components of the system and evaluate its performance using simulation and real-world testing.A summary of the developments and difficulties in technology for detecting drunk driving, including those used in car alcohol detection systems.The authors examine the various detection technologies that are now available, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages as well as difficulties in their adoption and application.Provide a review of the adoption and use of alcohol ignition interlock regulations in the US, which mandate that drivers convicted of driver utility  [19], [20].The authors evaluate the effectiveness of these laws in reducing DUI recidivism and discuss challenges to their implementation and enforcement.There are some studies about vehicle accident and alcohol detection system [3], [21], [22], they assess the precision and accuracy of a breathalyzer intended for use in automobiles.The performance of the system is assessed through a series of experiments by the authors, who also compare it to other commercially available systems.The goal of this study is to identify intoxicated driving and arouse both the driver and the passengers with alert signals.

RESEARCH METHOD
To make sure the technology is efficient, dependable, and secure, the technique for technology development in alcohol detection for drivers entails a rigorous process of design, testing, and validation.To develop novel and useful methods for identifying alcohol impairment in drivers, a multidisciplinary approach combining engineering, science, and user-centered design is necessary.It is suggested that an appropriate method be used to monitor both traffic accidents and blood alcohol content.A whistle sound and information about the presence of alcohol are sent to thing speak through the internet by the MQ-3 sensing module.The device uses vibration sensors to identify accident victims and then notifies surrounding hospitals and sends alert messages to them [7].

Hardware implementation
The MQ03 sensor, NodeMCU, and Arduino implementation entail wiring up the hardware parts, creating code to read the sensor's output, calibrating the sensor, and testing the implementation to make sure everything is operating as it should.The development of low cost alcohol detection systems for uses like breathalyzer tests or alcohol ignition interlocks may benefit from this kind of implementation [23], [24].This system's technology automatically recognizes drunk driving and traffic incidents.The MQ-3 sensor will emit a whistle when alcohol is present and send the measurement information to thing speak over the internet.The device uses vibration to identify accident victims.Additionally, it sends out alerts and leads users to the nearest hospitals.One crucial issue that is taken into account during the process is whether the choice of hardware components corresponds to the project's overall budget.For the processing system, there are several choices.Nevertheless, embedded systems are now more capable of successful execution due to their low cost, small size, and, most importantly, their capacity to carry out vital jobs.The market today offers a wide variety of microcontrollers.Nevertheless, NodeMCU and Arduino were carefully picked since they have all of the necessary setups for this plan, such as an analog-to-digital converter, wireless communication modules (Bluetooth and WiFi), and the necessary number of digital outputs [25]- [27].
Standard sensors like the vibrator sensor and MQ-3 sensor are required for recording vibration sensing for accident detection and alcohol sensing.The MQ-3 uses the I2C interface to communicate with the sensor module and can detect gases such as H2, alcohol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); however, it is most commonly referred to as an alcohol sensor.When it comes to the alarm system, several light emitting diodes (LEDs) as well as buzzers are utilized to alert people: when an accident happens or if alcohol content is detected, it notifies with a buzzer sound, and when a system problem occurs.

Software implementation
By boosting the accuracy of detecting intoxicated drivers and protecting the lives of automobile occupants in the case of an accident, the interface is designed to be unobtrusive.User input is not necessary.For instance, it is simple to increase alcohol detection by integrating the MQ-3 alcohol sensor with the vehicle ignition system.Accident detection in an automobile is readily accomplished with a global system for mobile communication (GSM) module and a global positioning system (GPS) module.Every time a situation is produced by a car crash or collision from any viewpoint, the technology sends a message to the nearby 108 (ambulance) service center with the accident location.The prototype's interaction with the user and how each of its key capabilities fits into the main process loop are shown in the flowchart (Figure 1), and the system's basic operation is shown in Figure 2, respectively.

Implementation of the system in a vehicle
The system was designed to be installed in a car in such a way that a 12-volt battery was used to power the system via the ignition switch, much as the radio in the car is powered.The voltage regulator LM7805 was used to step down the 12-volt to the 5-volt that the Arduino required, and a copper heat sink was linked to the voltage regulator to prevent system overheating.The Arduino board received 5-volt of power, and the Vero board or printed circuit board (PCB), liquid crystal display (LCD), and MQ-3 alcohol sensor were connected to them.To detect the presence of alcohol in the drivers' breath, the MQ-3 gas sensor was installed in the Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst ISSN: 2089-4864  Design and implementation of an alcohol detection driver system (Oluwaseyi Omotayo Alabi) 281 steering wheel.The LCD was placed close to the dashboard so that the driver and passengers could see if alcohol was being detected.In order to activate an emergency light once alcohol is detected and alert adjacent motorists, an output signal was extracted from one of the digital pins of the Arduino and attached to the emergency switch.When alcohol was found, a buzzer was installed in the car and connected to an Arduino digital pin so that it would sound an alarm.When alcohol is found, a killer switch made of a 12-volt automotive relay is utilized to cut off power to the fuel pump.The automotive relay was connected to the 12-volt supply in the circuit or to any location where 12-volt could be tapped in the car (pin 85).The relay signal pin (pin 30) was connected to one of the digital pins of the Arduino, while pins 87 and 86 served as the output killer switches and were connected to the fuel pump and ground, respectively.This stopped the car from stopping suddenly while it was moving.The automotive relay pin diagram and connection were shown in Figures 3 and 4 accordingly.

. Alcohol sensor testing
Periodic estimation of the alcohol detector is necessary; this involves a laborious process and precious outfit relating detector readings with BAC values attained from a breath analyzer, is a better result for a low cost detector.The breathalyzer, also appertained to as a breath analyzer, is an electronic measuring tool designed to calculate BAC using a sample of the stoner's breath.They're accessible and movable, the stoner is guided through each phase of the breath alcohol test by buzzer sounds, textbook dispatches displayed on the screen, and LED status pointers.Also, breathalyzer tests are non-invasive, quick, precise, and easy, and they yield findings right down.These tools are thus constantly employed marketable breathalyzer hanwey AT8060 as shown in Figure 5 is employed in this study to assess the MQ-3 detector alcohol content [3]. Figure 5. Breathalyzer hanwey AT8060 [3] The temperature and moisture affect an alcohol detector's delicacy.Also, the detector should be preheated for over 24 hours before operation, according to the manufacturer.The demanded time for the detector to reach the birth resistance is generally referred to as the "burn-in process" for gas detectors.By furnishing constant measures, it improves detector stability.A preheating procedure is also done before each test if the detector isn't incontinently employed (the marketable breathalyzer has an important shorter preheating period of 10 s).The data sets ("data-set-detector") attained from multiple tests using the MQ-3 alcohol detectors at room temperature (23 °C), a direct retrogression line ("BAC-data-fit-detector"), and the results are shown in Figure 6.Each dimension was carried out three times, and the average value attained was taken into consideration.Prior to the test, two levies were instructed to gormandize for many hours.
The breathalyzer revealed that each person's original BAC value was zero.The first drink was also drunk by the subjects.The potables included colorful serving sizes of 5-alcohol beer, 12-alcohol wine, and 30-alcohol liqueur.The breathalyzer was used to check the BAC at 15 after the drink was completed.The cases handed out exhalations lasting roughly 40 seconds so that the MQ-3 detector could determine the applicable affair voltage.The difference between the maximum attenuation voltage and steady-state value was also measured and essential gas detector parameter has recovery time of 30 s.The quantum of time demanded for Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst ISSN: 2089-4864  Design and implementation of an alcohol detection driver system (Oluwaseyi Omotayo Alabi) 283 a detector to return to its birth resistance in clean air following an alcohol exposure is known as the alcohol recovery time [3].The MQ-3 detector boasts a fast recovery time of 30 s after exposure to alcohol, while its resistance drops to 69 during this period.This performance aligns with the detector's specifications and the affair voltage must first reach its starting value before the coming test, however, which takes further time.
Figure 6.BAC data fit sensor and output voltage

Experimental results
Devices called breathalyzers analyze a person's breath to determine their BAC level.Normally, these gadgets are calibrated to give a precise BAC reading of +/-0.01%BAC or less.However, various variables, such as the subject's breathing patterns, the device's calibration, and the presence of substances that can tamper with the alcohol measurement, might alter the accuracy of breathalyzer readings.Table 1 lists the relative BAC measurement errors based on breathalyzer and alcohol sensor readings.The highest possible inaccuracy is about 35%.Although this is a significant value, it is comparable to a cheap breathalyzer.The low accuracy can be improved by lowering the BAC threshold.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, technologies to identify drunk driving, a significant contributor to crashes and fatalities on the road, have been established.These systems employ a variety of technologies, including touch-based sensors and breath analysis.According to research, alcohol detection driver systems are effective at lowering the frequency of drunk driving-related collisions and fatalities.However, several of the technologies are still in the experimental stage, and more testing and assessment are required to ascertain their viability in practical settings.The study built a prophylactic gadget to detect drunk driving and carried out an experiment.According to the sensor's specs, the output voltage of the MQ-3 sensor reduces by 69% during the sensor's recovery period of 30 s at 69% of baseline resistance.Additionally, there are still several issues that need to be resolved, including the cost of implementation, privacy concerns, and the accuracy and dependability of the systems.Despite these difficulties, alcohol detection systems have a lot to offer and could be a key factor in lowering the number of alcohol-related incidents on the road.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author the acknowledge the support of the University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa on this project.

Table 1 .
BAC measurement results